{"id":6267,"date":"2020-08-05T07:39:12","date_gmt":"2020-08-05T07:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/saharchitects.lu\/?p=6267"},"modified":"2021-09-04T08:40:27","modified_gmt":"2021-09-04T08:40:27","slug":"building-traditions-of-luxembourg","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/saharchitects.lu\/fr\/2020\/08\/05\/building-traditions-of-luxembourg\/","title":{"rendered":"Building Traditions of Luxembourg"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Most of the houses in Luxembourg have facades of plaster, but do you know why? Many castles and older houses of Luxembourg are made of sandstone but why not modern houses? And why isn\u2019t brick used as extensively as it is in the Netherlands or northern Belgium?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Plaster (Stucco or Render)<\/strong><\/p>

Keeping the plaster coating, now known as stucco or render, in good condition takes a lot of maintenance in the rainy and humid climate of Luxembourg, but its use is one of the longest standing building traditions here.<\/p>

The oldest dwellings found in Luxembourg date back to the Neolithic era around 7000 years ago. The walls of these structures were framed with tree trunks which were filled in with a mesh of small twigs coated in a thick layer of dried mud and clay.1<\/sup>\u00a0With the natural lime content in the clay of Luxembourg, this was the beginning of the use of plaster whose essential binding ingredient is lime.\u00a0<\/p>

As the Neolithic societies transformed into Celtic ones, the building technologies became more sophisticated. The La T\u00e8ne Celtic period starting in 450 BCE is marked by advancements in iron smelting and metal working. Because of the iron deposits known as minette in the south west region of Luxembourg, the Treveri Celtic tribe was drawn to the area. They built their largest settlement in Titelberg which continued to be occupied well after the Roman conquest until 400 CE.2 <\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>

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Celtic structure – Arch\u00e4ologiepark<\/p><\/div>

The timber framing of the Celtic rectangular houses was fastened with iron nails and fittings, and the walls were filled in with a braided mesh of stripped tree branches coated on both sides with plaster. Similar to the Neolithic structures, this plaster was made of the lime rich clay, sand, chopped straw and water. This tradition of building remained little changed over a millennium and became known as half-timber.3<\/sup><\/p>

The ancient cultures of Egypt, Greece and Rome also used plaster extensively over stone masonry. It was a means of hiding imperfections in the masonry and creating smooth, straight surfaces. The Romans brought this technique to Luxembourg as evidenced in the archeology of Titelberg.4<\/sup> Half-timber buildings were replaced with stone masonry structures that were coated in plaster and most likely painted. This method was also used extensively in northern Luxembourg where structures of local quartzite and slate were also coated in plaster.<\/p>

Luxembourg Sandstone<\/strong><\/p>

If you lived just north of Erpeldange about 5 million years ago, you would have had a beautiful ocean front view. The North Sea had spilled over at that time filling up a huge region around Paris and the southern region of Luxembourg. Sand brought there by the sea piled up over millions of years. As the Ardennes and surrounding areas were lifted by volcanic forces, the water receded, and the deep layer of sand was put under enough pressure to turn it into a light yellow and beige sandstone.5<\/sup><\/p>

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Grand Ducal Palace<\/p><\/div>

Luxembourg has a rich tradition of using sandstone, particularly in fortifications and monumental buildings that needed to be defended from attack. The famous line of medieval castles in the M\u00fcllerthal are constructed with sandstone as is the Grand Ducal Palace. The local availability of the stone was a primary reason, but the color, fine grain and consistency of the stone from quarries such as Ernzen near Larochette has made the stone a highly valued resource.<\/span>6<\/sup><\/p>

There are two main reasons sandstone is not often found in today\u2019s homes. The first is that sandstone unfortunately does not insulate well against the cold or heat. The level of additional insulation needed to meet the current energy efficiency requirements would mean exceptionally thick walls. This makes it difficult to renovate existing sandstone houses as well.<\/p>

The second reason, and the reason it is not often used as a fa\u00e7ade finish, is the maintenance needed in Luxembourg\u2019s rainy and humid climate. The Porta Nigra (black gate) in Trier is famous for being black. Most believe this is due to modern pollution, but the name predates modern industry by hundreds of years. The reason the gate is black is due to algae living in the sandstone. When it dies, it turns black staining the stone. The same is true for Luxembourg\u2019s light-colored stone unless it is sealed and regularly maintained.<\/p>

Brick<\/strong><\/p>

The traditional material that stands up to Luxembourg\u2019s climate the best is brick. Although it is not common here, it has a history of use in Luxembourg thanks to the Netherlands, and tobacco.<\/p>

Surprisingly, tobacco farming and processing was the largest industry in Luxembourg before the iron and steel industry started. Hollerich was once a massive tobacco plantation employing 250 people and producing 100,000 cigars and two tons of smoking tobacco.7<\/sup> In the 1800\u2019s, Dutch tobacco and products had an excellent reputation, so having buildings constructed of brick in Hollerich was not accidental. This is also exemplified in the \u00c9cole industrielle et commerciale Lyc\u00e9e de garcons built in this same era in Limpertsberg which combines brick and sandstone.\u00a0<\/p>

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Lyc\u00e9e de garcons<\/p><\/div>

Without a local source of stone and scarce forests, brick was a natural material for the Dutch to use. Clay dredged from the Ijsel, Waal and Rhine rivers was mixed with sand and fired over a long period of time giving it excellent durability and resistance to moisture.<\/span>8<\/sup> From Amsterdam\u2019s origins in the 1200\u2019s through the ‘<\/span>Amsterdam School’ architectural movement to widespread use by modern Dutch architects today, brick has become synonymous with the Netherlands, but its use is certainly not limited to the small nation.<\/span><\/p>

The oldest brick structures date back 7000 years to the city of Jericho in Anatolia. It was used extensively by the Romans who most likely brought the firing techniques to the Netherlands.9<\/sup> It is a material found throughout the world having been used by famous architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto. \u00a0The versatile colors, sizes and patterns of the material make it a much-loved material for many contemporary architects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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References\u2028<\/p>

  1. Celtic Luxembourg, Wikipedia, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celtic_Luxembourg<\/a><\/li>
  2. Die Kelten \u2013 Ein Projekt der Letzebuerger Guiden a Scouten, https:\/\/nativevillage.lgs.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2015\/11\/DieKelten1.pdf<\/a><\/li>
  3. Die keltischen Hausmodelle, Arch\u00e4ologiepark, http:\/\/www.celtovation.at\/index.php\/archaeologiepark\/45-die-rekonstruierten-gebaeude<\/a><\/li>
  4. Titelberg \u2013 A Celtic Hillfort in Luxembourg, Ralph M. Rowlett, Penn Museum, https:\/\/www.penn.museum\/sites\/expedition\/titelberg\/<\/a><\/li>
  5. Overview of the geology of Luxembourg, Portail luxembourgeois des sciences de la Terre, http:\/\/www.geology.lu\/index.php\/geologie-du-luxembourg\/apercu-geologique\/10-overview-of-the-geology-of-luxembourg<\/a><\/li>
  6. Ernzen Sandstone Quarries, Visit Larochette, https:\/\/www.visitlarochette.lu\/en\/discover\/art-culture\/ernzen-sandstone-quarries<\/a><\/li>
  7. Heintz van Landewyck, successful Tobacco Road, LuxInnovation, https:\/\/www.luxinnovation.lu\/news\/heintz-van-landewyck-successful-tobacco-road\/<\/a><\/li>
  8. Dutch Brick, Wikipedia, https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_brick<\/a><\/li>
  9. The History of Bricks and Brickmaking, Brick Architecture, https:\/\/brickarchitecture.com\/about-brick\/why-brick\/the-history-of-bricks-brickmaking<\/a><\/li><\/ol>

    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Most of the houses in Luxembourg have facades of plaster, but do you know why? Many castles and older houses of Luxembourg are made of sandstone but why not modern houses? And why isn\u2019t brick used as extensively as it […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6288,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-excellence-in-architecture","category-iconic-architecture"],"yoast_head":"\nBuilding Traditions of Luxembourg - Saharchitects<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/saharchitects.lu\/fr\/2020\/08\/05\/building-traditions-of-luxembourg\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Building Traditions of Luxembourg - Saharchitects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Most of the houses in Luxembourg have facades of plaster, but do you know why? 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Many castles and older houses of Luxembourg are made of sandstone but why not modern houses? 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